The wall of the esophagus has several layers. Cancer of the esophagus starts from the inner layer and grows outward.
Long-term reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus sets up a special problem. It can change the cells in the lower end of the esophagus. They become more like the cells that line the stomach. These changed cells produce a condition called Barrett esophagus. The altered cells can change into cancer, so they should be closely watched by a doctor.
There are two main types of esophagus cancer: Squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell cancer grows form the top layer of the lining of the esophagus. Adenocarcinoma starts near the opening to the stomach. This type of cancer cannot start unless squamous cells have been changed by acid reflux.
In 2007, the American Cancer Society estimated there would be approximately 15,560 new cases of esophagus cancer. This cancer is 3 to 4 times more common among men than among women and 50% more common among African Americans than among whites.
The cause of esophagus cancer is unknown but there are risk factors that make this type of cancer more likely. The person's age (typically in people over 40), sex (men are 3x more likely than woman to get type of cancer), history of heartburn, tobacco and alcohol use, obesity and very hot liquids are all risk factors. Diets that don’t include enough fruits or vegetables and certain minerals and vitamins can raise the risk of this cancer.
The Cancer Society says that at this time there is no sure way to prevent esophagus cancer. Some lifestyle changes that can decrease your risks include avoiding alcohol and tobacco, eating fruits and vegetables (raw), and maintaining a healthy weight. Some studies have found that the risk can be lowered in people who take aspirin or other drugs such as ibuprofen that reduce inflammation.
Source: American Cancer Society
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